-Persian traditions deeply influenced Islamic political and cultural leaders. Persian influence is most noticeable in literary works from the Abbasid dynasty. While Arabic served as the language of religion, theology, philosophy, and law, Persian was the principal language of literature, poetry, history, and political reflection.
-Indian mathematics intrigued Arab and Persian muslims who established islamic states in northern india. During the Gupta dynasty Indian scholars had elaborated a sophisticated tradition of mathematics, which Muslims found attractive both as a field of scholarship and for the practical purposes of reckoning and keeping accounts. They also adopted “hindu numerals,” which european peoples later called “Arabic numerals”, since they learned of them through Arab Muslims. Indian numerals created what we now know as the "0", and Hindu numerals adapted.
-Muslims also admired the philosophical, scientific, and medical writings of classical Greece. They became equally interested in Plato and Aristotle, whose works they translated and interpreted in commentaries. During the tenth and eleventh centuries, some muslim philosophers sought to synthesize Greek and Muslims thought by harmonizing Plato with the teaching of Islam.